解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::Multiple organic anion transporters in the proximal tubule of the kidney are involved in the secretion of drugs, toxic compounds, and their metabolites. Many of these compounds are potentially hazardous on accumulation, and it is therefore not surprising that the proximal tubule is also an important target for toxicit...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.155913
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hypoxia elicits an array of compensatory responses in animals ranging from protozoa to mammals. Central among these responses is anapyrexia, the regulated decrease of body temperature. The importance of anapyrexia lies in the fact that it reduces oxygen consumption, increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, and...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.64.081501.155856
更新日期:2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cl- transport in the loop of Henle is responsible for reclamation of 25-40% of the filtered NaCl load and for the formation of dilute urine. Our understanding of the physiologic and molecular mechanisms responsible for Cl- reabsorption in both the thin ascending limb and thick ascending limb of Henle's loop has increa...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.631
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Marine teleosts at high latitudes can encounter ice-laden seawater that is approximately 1 degrees C colder than the colligative freezing point of their body fluids. They avoid freezing by producing small antifreeze proteins (AFPs) that adsorb to ice and halt its growth, thereby producing an additional non-colligative...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.359
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In order to control cell functions, hormones and neurotransmitters generate an amazing diversity of Ca2+ signals such as local and global Ca2+ elevations and also Ca2+ oscillations. In pancreatic acinar cells, cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates secretion of digestive enzyme and promotes cell growth, whereas acetylcholin...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.99
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, it has become apparent that ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors) in the neuronal plasma membrane interact via their cytoplasmic domains with a multitude of intracellular proteins. Different classes of ligand-gated channels associate with distinct sets of intracellular proteins, often throu...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.755
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Molecular and functional evidence indicates that a variety of Ca(2+)-dependent chloride (Cl(Ca)) channels are involved in fluid secretion from secretory epithelial cells in different tissues and species. Most Cl(Ca) channels so far characterized have an I- permeability greater than Cl-, and most are sensitive to 4,4'-...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.493
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The cost of living can be measured as an animal's metabolic rate. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is factorially related to other metabolic rates. Analysis of BMR variation suggests that metabolism is a series of linked processes varying in unison. Membrane processes, such as maintenance of ion gradients, are important cos...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.207
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regulated exocytosis involves the tightly controlled fusion of a transport vesicle with the plasma membrane. It includes processes as diverse as the release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic nerve endings and the sperm-triggered deposition of a barrier preventing polyspermy in oocytes. Cell-free model systems have...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.777
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many behaviors require rapid and precisely timed synaptic transmission. These include the determination of a sound's direction by detecting small interaural time differences and visual processing, which relies on synchronous activation of large populations of neurons. In addition, throughout the brain, concerted firin...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.521
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intercellular channels present in gap junctions allow cells to share small molecules and thus coordinate a wide range of behaviors. Remarkably, although junctions provide similar functions in all multicellular organisms, vertebrates and invertebrates use unrelated gene families to encode these channels. The recent ide...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.283
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::I was pleased to receive the invitation to write this prefactory chapter. In doing so, I join a number of physiologists whose work and writings I have often admired. There are two aspects of my experience in physiology that I discuss here. The first concerns my own research accomplishments. The second is my role in de...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 传,历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.1
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ceramide is a sphingosine-based lipid signaling molecule that regulates cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The emerging picture suggests that coupling of ceramide to specific signaling cascades is both stimulus and cell-type specific. Ceramide action is determined within the context of other stimu...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.643
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Identification of the sites and mechanisms underlying the generation of respiratory rhythm is of longstanding interest to physiologists and neurobiologists. Recently, with the development of novel experimental preparations, especially in vitro en bloc and slice preparations of rodent brainstem, progress has been made ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.385
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calcium and sodium absorption by the kidney normally proceed in parallel. However, a number of physiological, pharmacological, pathological, and genetic conditions dissociate this relation. In each instance, the dissociation can be traced to the distal convoluted tubule, where calcium and sodium transport are inversel...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.60.1.179
更新日期:1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Practical limitations of the patch-clamp technique when recording mechanogated membrane ion channels are considered. Mechanical overstimulation of the patch or the cell from excessive suction/pressure protocols induces morphological and functional changes. In particular, the plasma membrane becomes decoupled from the ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.621
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Angiotensin receptors are present in a number of organs and systems including heart, kidney, gonad, and placenta; pituitary and adrenal glands; the peripheral vessels, and the central nervous system. This octapeptide exerts diverse effects that include induction of cell hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia and a stimulation...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.395
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The past three years have seen remarkable progress in research on the molecular basis of inward rectification, with significant implications for basic understanding and pharmacological manipulation of cellular excitability. Expression cloning of the first inward rectifier K channel (Kir) genes provided the necessary b...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.59.1.171
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lung development differs in the embryo and fetus with regard to branching pattern and organization of the epithelial cells. The surrounding mesodermal component, the capsule, has long been known to play a role in branching. As a result of recent analyses of distribution of components of the extracellular matrix couple...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.000521
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::An intriguing aspect of animal diversity is the wide range of maximal mass-specific metabolic rates attainable by various species. Metabolic ceilings vary with respect to whether hypermetabolic states involve relatively short bouts of burst or aerobic exercise, or long-term physical activity wherein time-averaged rate...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.003055
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Myocardial K+ currents function to control resting membrane potentials, the heights and durations of action potentials, and refractoriness and automaticity. They are important targets for the actions of transmitters and hormones or drugs known, or postulated, to modulate cardiac functioning. A variety of K+ currents t...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.002051
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The glycolytic enzyme glucokinase plays a key role in glucose sensing by the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cells, and mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme are a common cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), a form of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus characterized by autosomal-dominant i...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.58.030196.001131
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The last seven years have been exciting in the world of mucin biology. Molecular analyses of mucin genes and deduced protein structures have provided insight into structural features of mucins and tools with which to examine expression, secretion, and glycosylation, thereby enabling a better understanding of the role ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.003135
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Evidence indicates that PDGF is a major cytokine that impacts on the biology of renal cells and the pathogenesis of renal disease. The biologic effects of PDGF on cells and tissue, whether contraction, proliferation, matrix expansion, or cell migration, can result in beneficial or injurious consequences depending on t...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.001501
更新日期:1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recent availability of reagents to study the IGFs, their receptors, and binding proteins has led to an explosive growth in the study of IGF physiology. However, most studies to date have been descriptive, and studies delineating mechanisms of action are limited. It is apparent that most organ systems synthesize se...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.55.030193.001023
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Multiple mechanisms contribute to the regulation of G protein-coupled receptors and their transmembrane signaling. Post-translational modifications of the receptors, such as phosphorylation, and changes in receptor gene expression can occur in either a strictly agonist-dependent fashion or through second messenger-med...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.53.030191.002433
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three families of growth factors/hormones have major effects on the differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. Two (FGF and TGF-beta) are potent inhibitors, and the third (IGF) exhibits a biphasic stimulatory action (but is not inhibitory even at high concentrations). All of these affect the expression of myogenin, one...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.53.030191.001221
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Nearly every cell in the kidney can volume regulate in response to a hypertonic challenge. Some are able to respond immediately to hyperosmotic media by a RVI. Other cells require stimulation prior to exposure to hyperosmolarity to demonstrate RVI. An increase of intracellular osmolytes during RVI usually occurs by an...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.52.030190.003553
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The molecular architectures of SMP and SRP differ, yet the functional analogies between CAM-associated SMP and SRP are numerous. Most of the divergences observed may have their root in different behavior during dephosphorylation (see Table 1). ...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.51.030189.002353
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Current information indicates that the mammalian kidney is a significant site of EGF synthesis, second only to the salivary gland in the rodent and probably exceeding most other tissues in the human species. The prepro EGF mRNA is localized to the cells of the TALH and the DCT. The EGF mRNA transcript in kidney is sim...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.51.030189.000435
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A precise description of the involvement of G proteins in regulation of the cardiovascular system is not possible at the present time although it is clear that they do have important regulatory roles. The cardiovascular system is composed of a variety of cell types, which are subject to control by several different ho...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.51.030189.001305
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The most striking characteristics of the myenteric plexus are the heterogeneity of its neuronal populations and the complexity of its organization. Myenteric neurons greatly differ in their morphological characteristics, projection patterns, and topographical arrangement within the ganglia. The discovery of histochemi...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.50.030188.000501
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::As stated earlier, the mammalian ovary maintains the continuous development of follicles, but only a few are selected to ovulate and form corpora lutea. These processes are regulated primarily by the gonadotropins and involve specific, sequential changes in the function of theca cells and granulosa cells. Data from re...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.50.030188.002301
更新日期:1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is apparent that proton transport plays an important role in many essential hepatocyte functions. Important unanswered issues include the location of the H+-ATPase and its role in hepatic functions, the regulators of Na+-H+ exchange, the exact role of Na+-H+ exchange in bile formation and in hepatic regeneration, a...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.49.030187.000441
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the last five years, cDNAs and genes encoding more than 20 neuroendocrine peptides have been cloned. The information gleaned from these genes has been largely structural to this point, and illustrates the great versatility of neuroendocrine genes in generating diverse sets of bioactive peptides. An ongoing cont...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.48.030186.002243
更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A thorough consideration of the evidence for striated muscle cell transmembrane nucleotide movement provides only equivocal support for adenine nucleotide specific translocation across cell membranes. It is obvious that nucleotide-derived adenosine is taken up into cells in preference to free adenosine, and it is impo...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.47.030185.003133
更新日期:1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::When compiling results obtained with various techniques, it appears that the apical Na translocators are channels of high Na, Li selectivity that permit large transport rates at low driving forces. The concentration dependence of the transport rate is linear at least up to 60 mM Nao. The voltage dependence is of the G...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.002433
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The life of a human lung can be subdivided into five distinct phases: embryonic, pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar. The embryonic period, during which the lung primordium is laid down as a diverticulum of the foregut, lasts for about seven weeks. From the 5th to the 17th week the lung looks much lik...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.003153
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the efforts to find a place map of sound direction within the auditory system of mammals has been reinspired by the recent discoveries in owl, progress to date has not been encouraging. Neither the inferior colliculus nor auditory cortex has yielded immediate evidence of such a map, despite ingenious and pers...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.46.030184.001423
更新日期:1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The regulation of blood glucose is a complex process involving the integration of the CNS with both hormonal and neural mechanisms. Although neuropeptide participation in the process is only partly understood at present, several conclusions are evident. First, neuropeptides are present in various portions of the auton...
journal_title:Annual review of physiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.45.030183.000523
更新日期:1983-01-01 00:00:00